Top Ranking Universities

University Of Paris

Internationally highly reputed for its academic performance in the humanities ever since the Middle Ages–notably  and philosophy–it introduced several academic standards and traditions that have endured ever since and spread internationally, such as doctoral degrees and student nations. Vast numbers of Popes, royalty, scientists  were educated at the Sorbonne.Following the turbulence of the French Revolution, education was suspended in 1793; its faculties were partly  by Napoleon as the University of France, which operated between 1793 and 1896.In 1970, following the May 1968 events, the university was divided into 13 autonomous universities. Three of the new universities took over the old faculties and the majority of their professors: humanities by Paris-Sorbonne University,law by  University, and natural sciences by Pierre and Marie Curie University. The other ones, l-Sorbonne University, chose to be multidisciplinary. Because, historically, humanities were the chief focus of the University of Paris, Paris-Sorbonne University is often considered its main inheritor.In the, the thirteen Parisian universities formed seven different alliances in order to help preserve their various degrees of attributed legacy of the University of Paris.Like other medieval universities (Bologna, Oxford,, Cambridge the University of Paris was well established by the time it was formally founded by the Catholic Church in 1200.^[2] The earliest historical reference to it is found in Matthew of Paris' reference to the studies of his own teacher (an abbot of Stand his acceptance into "the fellowship of the elect Masters" at the university of Paris in about 1170.^[3] Additionally, it is known that Pope Innocent III had completed his studies at the University of Paris by 1182 at the age of 21. The university developed as a corporation around th Dame Cathedral, similar to other medieval corporations, such as guilds of merchants or artisans. The medieval Latin term  had the more general meaning of a guild. The university of Paris was known as a (a guild of masters and scholars), in contrast with the .The university had four faculties: Arts, Medicine, Law, and Theology. The Faculty of Arts was the lowest in rank, but also the largest, as students had to graduate there in order to be admitted to one of the higher faculties. The students were divided into four  according to language or regional origin: France, Normandy,  and England. The last came to be known as the  (German) nation. Recruitment to each nation was wider than the names might imply: the English-German nation included students from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe.The faculty and nation system of the University of Paris (along with that of the University of Bologna) became the model for all later medieval universities. Under the governance of the Church, students wore robes and shaved the tops of their heads in tonsure, to signify they were under the protection of the church. Students followed the rules and laws of the Church and were not subject to the king's laws or courts. This presented problems for the city of Paris, as students ran wild, and its official had to appeal to Church courts for justice. Students were often very young, entering the school at age 13 or 14 and staying for 6 to 12 years.Three schools were especially famous in Paris: the palatine or palace school, the school of -Dame, and that of  Abbey. The decline of royalty brought about the decline of the first. The other two were ancient but did not have much visibility in the early centuries. The glory of the palatine school doubtless eclipsed theirs, until it completely gave way to them. These two  were much frequented and many of their masters were esteemed for their learning. The first renowned professor at the school of Ste, who lived in the tenth century. Not content with the courses at he continued his studies at Paris, entered or allied himself with the chapter of St, and attracted many pupils via his teaching. Distinguished professors from the school in the eleventh century include Lambert, disciple of of Chartres;of Germany; and Anselm of  These two schools attracted scholars from every country and produced many illustrious men, among whom were: St. , Bishop of, Archbishop of St. Stephen, third Abbot of Robert , founder of the Abbey etc. Three other men who added prestige to the schools of -Dame and Ste- were William of , and Peter Lombard.Humanistic instruction comprised grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy (trivium and quadrivium). To the higher instruction belonged dogmatic and moral theology, whose source was the Scriptures and the  Fathers. It was completed by the study of Canon law. The School of Saint-Victor arose to rival those of -Dame and Ste-. It was founded by William when he withdrew to the Abbey of Saint-Victor. Its most famous professors are Hugh of St. Victor and Richard of St. Victor.The plan of studies expanded in the schools of Paris, as it did elsewhere. A  compendium of canon law called about a division of the theology department. Hitherto the discipline of the Church had not been separate from so-called theology; they were studied together under the same professor. But this vast collection necessitated a special course, which was undertaken first at Bologna, where Roman law was taught. In France, first  and then Paris erected chairs of canon law. Before the end of the twelfth century, the  of Gerard La and were added to . However, civil law was not included at Paris. In the twelfth century, medicine began to be publicly taught at Paris: the first professor of medicine in Paris records is Hugo,quadrivium .Professors were required to have measurable knowledge and be appointed by the university. Applicants had to be assessed by examination; if successful, the examiner, who was the head of the school, and known as, and chancellor, appointed an individual to teach. This was called the licence or faculty to teach. The licence had to be granted freely. No one could teach without it; on the other hand, the examiner could not refuse to award it when the applicant The school of Saint-Victor, under the abbey, conferred the licence in its own right; the school of Dame depended on the diocese, that of S on the abbey or chapter. The diocese and the abbey or chapter, through their chancellor, gave professorial investiture in their respective territories where they had jurisdiction. Besides-Dame, Ste, and Saint-Victor, there were several schools on the "Island" and on the "Mount". "Whoever", says "had the right to teach might open a school where he pleased, provided it was not in the vicinity of a principal school." Thus a certain Adam, who was of English origin, kept his "near the "; another Adam, Parisian by birth, "taught at  Paris, I, 272).The number of students in the school of the capital grew constantly, so that lodgings were insufficient. French students included princes of the blood, sons of the nobility, and ranking gentry. The courses at Paris were considered so necessary as a completion of studies that many foreigners flocked to them. Popes  II, Adrian IV and Innocent III studied at Paris, and Alexander III sent his nephews there. Noted German and English students included Otto of  Cardinal Conrad, Archbishop of , St. Thomas of Canterbury, and John of Salisbury; while Ste- became practically the seminary for Denmark. The chroniclers of the time called Paris the city of letters par excellence, placing it above Athens, Alexandria, Rome, and other cities: "At that time, there flourished at Paris philosophy and all branches of learning, and there the seven arts were studied and held in such esteem as they never were at Athens, Egypt, Rome, or elsewhere in the world." ("Les Philippe-. Poets ex

University Of Mainz

The first University of goes back to the Archbishop of, Prince-elector and Adolf II  Nassau. At the time, establishing a university required papal approval and Adolf II initiated the approval process during his time in office. The university, however, was first opened in 1477 by Adolf's successor to the bishopric, In 1784 the University was opened up for Protestants and Jews (curator Anselm Franz. It fast became one of the largest Catholic universities in Europe with ten chairs in theology alone. In the confusion after the establishment of th Republic of 1792 and its subsequent recapture by the Prussians, academic activity came to a gradual standstill. In 1798 the university became active again under French governance, and lectures in the department of medicine took place until 1823. Only the faculty of theology continued teaching during the 19th century, albeit as a theological Seminary (since 1877 "College of Philosophy and Theology").Statue of Johannes Gutenberg at the University ofThe current Johannes Gutenberg University of was founded in 1946 by the French occupying power. In a decree on 1 March the French military government implied that the University  continue to exist: the University shall be "enabled to resume its function". The remains of anti-aircraft warfare barracks erected in 1938 after of the Rhineland during the Third Reich served as the university's first buildings and are still in use today.The continuation of academic activity between the old university and Johannes Gutenberg University o, in spite of an interruption spanning over 100 years, is contested. During the time up to its reopening only a seminary an survived.In 1972, the effect of the 1968 student protests began to take a toll on the University's structure. The departments  were dismantled and the University was organized into broad fields of study . Finally in 1974 Peter Schneider was elected as the first president of what was now a "constituted group-university" institute of higher education. In 1990  became University President yet spent only a year in the position after he was appointed Minister for "Science and Advanced Education" for the State of Rhineland-Palatinate. As the coordinator for the  higher education policy, this furloughed professor from the Institute for Physiological Chemistry played a decisive role in the higher education policy and in the development of Study Accounts.Today the Johannes Gutenberg University o has approximately 36,000 students (as of 2010) and consists of over 150 institutions and clinics.The range of studies is comprehensive; the university lacks some technical studies, veterinary medicine and nutrition science. One can nonetheless study History of books, athletics, music, visual arts,, and film.The University of  does not currently levy fees or tuition  for a regular course of study. Senior citizen students, auditing students, and certain postgraduate students may be subject to fees. The Ministry for Science and Advanced Education introduced "study accounts" that were developed jointly with Prof.  During the transition period, overdrafts on the account would incur a flat-rate charge of 650 Euro for every overdrawn semester. The Study Accounts allow for a free-of-charge initial course of study as long as it does not exceed 1.75 times the standard period of study. In a second step the accounts will soon be charged according to time actually used. It is still contested as to whether the enormous administrative burden will lead to an actual improvement of academic conditions. **Measurable success is similar by the introduction of long-term tuition in other federal states and its effect on the decline of nominally enrolled students.Among the notable alumni from the university of are German politicians Federal Minister for Economics and Technology),  of Kohl and president of he Munich Conference on Security Policy), Kristina , Federal Minister of Family and Social Affairs and Franz Josef Federal Minister of Labor and Social Affairs and former Federal Minister of, as well as sculptor  Oswald, sports journalist political journalist Peter Dieter , the former General , the biggest television in Europe, soprano  a founder of American  cinema Jon his brother,, film director, writer and educator, and mural  Maria, the German climatologist Wolfgang  and also Abbas  the notable Iranian scholar and The University of  is one of few campus-based universities in Germany. Nearly all its institutions and facilities are located on the site of a former barracks in the south west part of the city. The university medical  is located off campus, as is the Department of Applied Linguistics and Cultural Sciences, which was integrated with the university in 1949 and is located i On campus next to the University is the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, the Institute of Molecular Biology, the electron accelerator the, the botanical garden, a sports stadium and an indoor swimming pool. Unique in the national higher-education landscape is the integration of the Rhineland-Palatinate Conservatory, the Academy of Visual Arts and College of Athletics at one university.Since 2007, the university started a web-TV program which also airs its video clips in English. The short videos (two to seven minutes) are specially made for students who are new to the city or university, and do offer information relevant to first-year students. This web-TV is unique Germany's universities and can be viewed on a website that is run by students: One of the instruments carried by the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity, a miniature spectrometer, was developed at the university.

Uniersity Of Cologne

The University of Cologne was established in 1388 as the fourth university in the Holy Roman Empire, after the Charles University of Prague (1348), the University of Vienna (1365) and the Karl University of Heidelberg (1386). The charter was signed by Pope Urban VI. The university began teaching on January 6, 1389. In 1798, the university was abolished by the French, who had invaded Cologne in 1794, because under the new French constitution, universities were abolished all over France.The last rector Ferdinand Franz  was able to preserve the university’s  now once more in 1919, the Prussian government endorsed a decision by the Cologne City Council to re-establish the university. On May 19, 1919, the Cologne Mayor Konrad Adenauer signed the charter of the modern university.At that point, the new university was located in  but relocated to its current campus in  on 2 November 1934. The old premises are now being used for the Cologne University of Applied Sciences.Initially, the university was composed of the Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Social Sciences (successor to the Institutes of Commerce and of Communal and Social Administration) and the Faculty of Medicine (successor to the Academy of Medicine). In 1920, the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Arts were added, from which latter the School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences was split off in 1955 to form a separate Faculty. In 1980, the two Cologne departments of the Rhineland School of Education were attached to the university as the Faculties of Education and of Special Education. In 1988, the university became a founding member of the Community of European Management Schools and International Companies today's Global Alliance in Management Education.The University is a leader in the area of economics and is regularly placed in top positions for law and commerce, both for national and international rankings.Over the centuries, scholars from Cologne have been among the most prominent in their fields, beginning with and his pupil Thomas Aquinas (both 13th century). Notable alumni of the 20th century include among others Kurt Alder (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950), Peter (Nobel Prize in Physics 2007), Heinrich  (Nobel Prize for Literature),Karl  (president of the Federal Republic of Germany 1979–1984), Gustav  (president of the Federal Republic of Germany 1969 to 1974),  (former president of the Hellenic Republic), and Erich Gutenberg(founder of modern German business studies).In 2005, the University enrolled 47,203 students, including 3,718 graduate students. In 2003, the number of post-doctoral students was 670.The number of international students was 6,157 in the Summer Semester of 2005. This amounts to approximately 13% of the total students. Those from developing countries made up about 60%, representing a total of 123 nations. The largest contingents came from Bulgaria (10.5%), Russia (8.8%), Poland (7.4%), China (6.2%) and Ukraine (5.7%).There are 508 professors at the university, including 70 women. In addition, the university employs 1,549 research assistants, with an additional 765 at the clinic, and 1,462 other assistants (3,736 at the clinic).The University of Cologne maintains twenty official partnerships^[6] with universities from ten countries. Of these, the partnerships  I and Pennsylvania State are the oldest partnerships. In addition, Cologne has further with more than 260 other universities.