Harvard University
Harvard University
Established originally by the Massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for John Harvard (its first benefactor), Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning,[12] and the Harvard Corporation (formally, the President and Fellows of Harvard College) is its first chartered corporation. Although never formally affiliated with , the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and by the 19th century Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites.[13][14] Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.[15] James Bryant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College.The University is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study—with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area:[16] its 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is in Cambridge, approximately 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Boston; the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in the neighborhood of Boston and dental, and public health schools are in the Medical Area.[17] Harvard's $37.6 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution.[3]Harvard is a large, highly residential research university.[18] The nominal cost of attendance is high, but the University's large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages.[19] It operates several arts, cultural, and scientific museums, alongside the Harvard Library, which is the world's largest academic and private library system, comprising 79 individual libraries with over 18 million volumes.[20][21][22] Harvard's alumni include eight U.S. presidents, several foreign heads of state, 62 living billionaires, 335 Rhodes Scholars, and 242 Marshall Scholars.[23][24][25] To date, some 150 Nobel laureates, 18 Fields Medalists and 13 Turing Award winners have been affiliated as students, faculty, or staff.[26]Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was initially called "New College" or "the college at New In 1638, the college became home for North America's first known printing press, carried by the ship John of London.[27][28] In 1639, the college was renamed Harvard College after deceased Harvard, who was an alumnus of the University of Cambridge. He had left the school £779 and his library of some 400 books.[29] The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650.In the early years the College trained many Puritan ministers.[30] (A 1643 publication said the school's purpose was "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust".)[31] It offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—