University Of Paris
University Of Paris
Internationally highly reputed for its academic performance in the humanities ever since the Middle Ages–notably and philosophy–it introduced several academic standards and traditions that have endured ever since and spread internationally, such as doctoral degrees and student nations. Vast numbers of Popes, royalty, scientists were educated at the Sorbonne.Following the turbulence of the French Revolution, education was suspended in 1793; its faculties were partly by Napoleon as the University of France, which operated between 1793 and 1896.In 1970, following the May 1968 events, the university was divided into 13 autonomous universities. Three of the new universities took over the old faculties and the majority of their professors: humanities by Paris-Sorbonne University,law by University, and natural sciences by Pierre and Marie Curie University. The other ones, l-Sorbonne University, chose to be multidisciplinary. Because, historically, humanities were the chief focus of the University of Paris, Paris-Sorbonne University is often considered its main inheritor.In the, the thirteen Parisian universities formed seven different alliances in order to help preserve their various degrees of attributed legacy of the University of Paris.Like other medieval universities (Bologna, Oxford,, Cambridge the University of Paris was well established by the time it was formally founded by the Catholic Church in 1200.[2] The earliest historical reference to it is found in Matthew of Paris' reference to the studies of his own teacher (an abbot of Stand his acceptance into "the fellowship of the elect Masters" at the university of Paris in about 1170.[3] Additionally, it is known that Pope Innocent III had completed his studies at the University of Paris by 1182 at the age of 21. The university developed as a corporation around th Dame Cathedral, similar to other medieval corporations, such as guilds of merchants or artisans. The medieval Latin term had the more general meaning of a guild. The university of Paris was known as a (a guild of masters and scholars), in contrast with the .The university had four faculties: Arts, Medicine, Law, and Theology. The Faculty of Arts was the lowest in rank, but also the largest, as students had to graduate there in order to be admitted to one of the higher faculties. The students were divided into four according to language or regional origin: France, Normandy, and England. The last came to be known as the (German) nation. Recruitment to each nation was wider than the names might imply: the English-German nation included students from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe.The faculty and nation system of the University of Paris (along with that of the University of Bologna) became the model for all later medieval universities. Under the governance of the Church, students wore robes and shaved the tops of their heads in tonsure, to signify they were under the protection of the church. Students followed the rules and laws of the Church and were not subject to the king's laws or courts. This presented problems for the city of Paris, as students ran wild, and its official had to appeal to Church courts for justice. Students were often very young, entering the school at age 13 or 14 and staying for 6 to 12 years.Three schools were especially famous in Paris: the palatine or palace school, the school of -Dame, and that of Abbey. The decline of royalty brought about the decline of the first. The other two were ancient but did not have much visibility in the early centuries. The glory of the palatine school doubtless eclipsed theirs, until it completely gave way to them. These two were much frequented and many of their masters were esteemed for their learning. The first renowned professor at the school of Ste, who lived in the tenth century. Not content with the courses at he continued his studies at Paris, entered or allied himself with the chapter of St, and attracted many pupils via his teaching. Distinguished professors from the school in the eleventh century include Lambert, disciple of of Chartres;of Germany; and Anselm of These two schools attracted scholars from every country and produced many illustrious men, among whom were: St. , Bishop of, Archbishop of St. Stephen, third Abbot of Robert , founder of the Abbey etc. Three other men who added prestige to the schools of -Dame and Ste- were William of , and Peter Lombard.Humanistic instruction comprised grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy (trivium and quadrivium). To the higher instruction belonged dogmatic and moral theology, whose source was the Scriptures and the Fathers. It was completed by the study of Canon law. The School of Saint-Victor arose to rival those of -Dame and Ste-. It was founded by William when he withdrew to the Abbey of Saint-Victor. Its most famous professors are Hugh of St. Victor and Richard of St. Victor.The plan of studies expanded in the schools of Paris, as it did elsewhere. A compendium of canon law called about a division of the theology department. Hitherto the discipline of the Church had not been separate from so-called theology; they were studied together under the same professor. But this vast collection necessitated a special course, which was undertaken first at Bologna, where Roman law was taught. In France, first and then Paris erected chairs of canon law. Before the end of the twelfth century, the of Gerard La and were added to . However, civil law was not included at Paris. In the twelfth century, medicine began to be publicly taught at Paris: the first professor of medicine in Paris records is Hugo,quadrivium .Professors were required to have measurable knowledge and be appointed by the university. Applicants had to be assessed by examination; if successful, the examiner, who was the head of the school, and known as, and chancellor, appointed an individual to teach. This was called the licence or faculty to teach. The licence had to be granted freely. No one could teach without it; on the other hand, the examiner could not refuse to award it when the applicant The school of Saint-Victor, under the abbey, conferred the licence in its own right; the school of Dame depended on the diocese, that of S on the abbey or chapter. The diocese and the abbey or chapter, through their chancellor, gave professorial investiture in their respective territories where they had jurisdiction. Besides-Dame, Ste, and Saint-Victor, there were several schools on the "Island" and on the "Mount". "Whoever", says "had the right to teach might open a school where he pleased, provided it was not in the vicinity of a principal school." Thus a certain Adam, who was of English origin, kept his "near the "; another Adam, Parisian by birth, "taught at Paris, I, 272).The number of students in the school of the capital grew constantly, so that lodgings were insufficient. French students included princes of the blood, sons of the nobility, and ranking gentry. The courses at Paris were considered so necessary as a completion of studies that many foreigners flocked to them. Popes II, Adrian IV and Innocent III studied at Paris, and Alexander III sent his nephews there. Noted German and English students included Otto of Cardinal Conrad, Archbishop of , St. Thomas of Canterbury, and John of Salisbury; while Ste- became practically the seminary for Denmark. The chroniclers of the time called Paris the city of letters par excellence, placing it above Athens, Alexandria, Rome, and other cities: "At that time, there flourished at Paris philosophy and all branches of learning, and there the seven arts were studied and held in such esteem as they never were at Athens, Egypt, Rome, or elsewhere in the world." ("Les Philippe-. Poets ex